Foreign-born people and their descendants - educational attainment level and skills in host country language

Data extracted in July 2023 (part on educational attainment). No update of the part on language skills.

Planned article update: June 2024 (part on educational attainment); no update planned for the part on language skills.

Highlights

In 2022, the share of foreign-born persons with a low education level was larger (37.1%) than for native-born persons; the share for native-born with 2 native-born parents was 24.8%, 20.9% for those with 1 foreign-born parent, and 29.7% for those with 2 foreign-born parents.

In 2021, 61.9% of foreign-born persons in the EU reported that their host country’s language was either their mother tongue or they were proficient in it, while a third (33.7%) had a basic or moderate skill level and 4.4% had no or hardly any skills in that language.

Share of educational levels analysed by migration status, persons aged 15–74 years, EU, 2022
(%)
Source: Eurostat (lfsa_pganedm)

This article is one of a set of statistical articles concerning foreign-born people and their immediate descendants in the EU. This article forms part of an online publication. It presents statistics on two subjects: educational attainment and skills in relation to their host country’s language. Since 2023 is the European Year of Skills these statistics help to inform how people with various migration status compare in terms of skills that become increasingly important, both in the labour market and for individuals as well as society in general.

Full article

Overview

The EU Labour Force Survey is the source of data for this article and these data relate to the population usually residing in private households in the European Union (EU). The focus is on people aged 15–74 years.

People living in private households can be categorised in terms of their migration status:

native-born with two native-born parents,
native-born descendants of at least one foreign-born parent,
- native-born descendants of one foreign-born parent,
- native-born descendants of two foreign-born parents,
foreign-born persons.

An article on the main characteristics of people by migration status (based on the EU-LFS data) provides information on the relative size of these categories.

Figure 1: Share of educational levels analysed by migration status, persons aged 15–74 years, EU, 2022
(%)
Source: Eurostat (lfsa_pganedm)

When analysed by country of birth, two main differences can be seen in the structure of the EU’s population in 2022 in terms of educational attainment.

For native-born persons with one foreign-born parent, the share who had, at most, lower secondary educational attainment was clearly lower than for the other migration status. This was balanced by a notably higher share of native-born persons with one foreign-born parent who had a tertiary educational attainment.
For foreign-born persons, the share who had, at most, lower secondary educational attainment was clearly larger than for any of the native-born migration status. This was balanced by a notably smaller share of foreign-born persons who had upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary educational attainment.

Figure 2: Distribution of foreign-born persons according to their language skills, analysis by sex and age, EU, 2021
(%)
Source: Eurostat (lfso_21lang03)

This article presents information on foreign-born persons according to level of current skills in the main host country language.

More than 60 % of foreign-born persons in the EU reported, in 2021, that either they were proficient in their host country’s language or it was their mother tongue. In addition, 33.7 % had a basic or moderate skill level. The share reporting that they had no or hardly any skills in the host country’s language was 4.4 %.
Females in the EU were more likely than males to have mother tongue or proficient skills in their host country’s language but were also more likely to have no or hardly any skills in this language. An analysis by age shows a similar situation, with younger (aged 15–29 years) and older people (aged 55–74 years) more likely than those aged 30–54 years to have mother tongue or proficient skills and also more likely to have no or hardly any skills in the host country’s language.
Younger people (aged 15–29 years) had the highest share of foreign-born persons whose mother tongue was that of the host country and the lowest share with moderate or basic skills of the host country’s language. The combined share of mother tongue or proficient for younger people was 67.3 %. By comparison, this combined share was 59.9 % for persons aged 30–54 years and 62.9 % for older persons (aged 55–74 years).
Comparing persons aged 30–54 years and older persons, the largest difference (in percentage point terms) was that for the share of foreign-born persons with only basic and moderate host country language skills, which was 3.5 percentage points higher for those aged 30–54 years.

Educational attainment

An analysis of educational attainment is based on the highest level of education that a person has successfully completed.

Educational levels are defined and classified in the international standard classification of education (ISCED). The levels of educational attainment used in this article are based on ISCED 2011.

less than primary, primary or lower secondary level of education (ISCED 2011 levels 0–2);
upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education (ISCED 2011 levels 3 and 4);
tertiary education (ISCED 2011 levels 5–8).

Table 1: Share of educational attainment levels analysed by migration status, persons aged 15–74 years, 2022
(%)
Source: Eurostat (lfsa_pganedm)

As already noted in the introduction, when analysed by migration status two main differences can be seen in the structure of the EU’s population in terms of educational attainment in 2022.

For native-born persons with one foreign-born parent, the share who had, at most, lower secondary educational attainment level (20.9 %) was clearly lower than for the three other migration status (24.8–37.1 %). This was balanced by a notably larger share of native-born persons with one foreign-born parent who had a tertiary educational attainment level, 34.4 % compared with 25.2–28.9 % for the three other migration status.
For foreign-born persons, the share who had, at most, lower secondary educational attainment level (37.1 %) was clearly larger than for any of the three native-born migration status (20.9–29.7 %). This was balanced by a notably smaller share of foreign-born persons who had upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary educational attainment, 34.7 % compared with 44.7–46.3 % for the three native-born migration status.

Among the EU Member States with complete and reliable data, the share of people who had, at most, lower secondary educational attainment varied greatly according to migration status in Ireland: in 2022, the share was 3.0 times as high for native-born persons with two foreign-born parents (29.4 %) as for foreign-born persons (9.9 %). Large variation was also observed for Finland, where the share of native-born with two foreign-born parents (50.5 %) was 2.7 times as high as the share of native-born with two native-born parents (18.5 %). The least variation was observed in Luxembourg.

By contrast, the share of people in Luxembourg who had upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary educational attainment was 2.0 times as high for native-born persons with two native-born parents (42.7 %) as for foreign-born persons (21.6 %).

The share of people who had tertiary educational attainment varied most greatly according to migration status in Italy: the share was 3.0 times as high for native-born persons with one foreign-born parent (18.4 %) as for native-born persons with two foreign-born parents (6.2 %). Large variations were also observed for Spain and Greece. What is also interesting to note are the shares, of over 50 %, of foreign-born persons with tertiary educational attainment in Ireland and Luxembourg. The observed values (55.9 % and 54.9 %, respectively) were clearly larger than in other Member States and also clearly larger than for any of the three native-born migration status.

This analysis is extended in Figure 3 by including a breakdown by age. Alongside the analysis of the full age range into three more detailed age groups, the figure also provides an analysis for the age range 20–64 years. The age group 20–64 years is of particular interest as it is the focus for employment analyses in the Action Plan on Integration and Inclusion 2021–2027.

Figure 3: Differences in the shares of native-born persons with one or two foreign-born parents and foreign-born persons of each educational attainment compared with that for native-born persons with two native-born parents, analysis by age, EU, 2022
(percentage points)
Source: Eurostat (lfsa_pganedm)

Figure 3 shows – for native-born persons with one or two foreign-born parents and foreign-born persons – the difference in the share of each educational attainment compared with that for native-born persons with two native-born parents. For each migration status, the shares of people with each educational attainment category have been subtracted from the equivalent share for native-born persons with two native-born parents (giving a result in percentage points). A positive/negative difference indicates a higher/lower share in the particular educational attainment category than for native-born persons with two native-born parents.

For persons aged 15–29 years, a fairly clear pattern can be observed. For native-born persons with one or two foreign-born parents and foreign-born persons all had higher shares of people with, at most, lower secondary educational attainment and lower shares for the other two educational attainment categories, particularly for upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education.

For persons aged 30–54 years (and for persons aged 20–64 years), the situation was more complex. A relatively high share of native-born persons with one foreign-born parent had a tertiary educational attainment, while the shares for the other educational attainment categories were relatively low. Among native-born persons with two foreign-born parents, the shares in each educational attainment category were quite similar to those for native-born persons with two native-born parents. For foreign-born persons, the share with, at most, lower secondary educational attainment was considerably greater than that for native-born persons with two native-born parents, while the shares for the other two educational attainment categories were relatively low.

The differences in the educational attainment structure were greatest for persons aged 55–74 years. A notably lower share of native-born older persons with one or two foreign-born parents had, at most, lower secondary educational attainment than was the case for native-born older persons with two native-born parents. By contrast, native-born older persons with one or two foreign-born parents had relatively high shares of people in the other two educational attainment categories. For older foreign-born persons, the situation was different: the share with upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary educational attainment was relatively low while the shares for the other two educational attainment categories were relatively high.

A similar analysis is presented in Figure 4, with the focus on an analysis of persons aged 15–74 years by sex rather than by age.

Figure 4: Differences in the shares of native-born persons with one or two foreign-born parents and foreign-born persons of each educational attainment compared with that for native-born persons with two native-born parents, analysis by sex, persons aged 15–74 years, EU, 2022
(percentage points)
Source: Eurostat (lfsa_pganedm)

The educational attainment structures of the various migration status were similar for males and for females. As such, the main features noted earlier were observed for both sexes.

For native-born persons with one foreign-born parent, the share who had, at most, lower secondary educational attainment was relatively low. This was balanced by a relatively large share of native-born persons with one foreign-born parent who had a tertiary educational attainment.
Those with two-foreign-born parents were slightly more likely to have, at most, lower secondary educational attainment and slightly less likely to have tertiary educational attainment: these differences were somewhat greater for males in the case of the low level of education and smaller in case of the high level of education.
For foreign-born persons, the share who had, at most, lower secondary educational attainment was relatively high, both for males and for females. This was balanced by a notably smaller share of foreign-born persons who had upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary educational attainment.

Host country language skills

This section focuses exclusively on foreign-born persons, presenting information concerning their skill level in the language of their host country. Five language skill levels are identified.

Mother tongue
Proficient
Moderate
Basic
Hardly any or none

These five levels are used in Figure 6. An aggregated classification regrouping these five levels into three levels is used in Figures 5, 7, 8 and 9 as well as Table 2.

Data shown in this section come from the module of the Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) on the labour market situation of migrants and their immediate descendants held in 2021. The age group focused on in this article is 15-74 years, which is the reference age of the module.

Figure 5: Distribution of foreign-born persons aged 15–74 years according to their skills in their host country’s language, 2021
(%)
Source: Eurostat (lfso_21lang02)

As already noted in the introduction, more than three fifths (61.9 %) of foreign-born persons in the EU reported in 2021 that their host country’s language was either their mother tongue or they were proficient in it. In addition, 33.7 % had a basic or moderate skill level. The share reporting that they had no or hardly any skills in the host country’s language was 4.4 %.

Among the 18 EU Member States for which data are complete and reliable (see Figure 5), the share of foreign-born persons who reported that their host country’s language was either their mother tongue or they were proficient in was highest in 2021 in Portugal (90.4 %). Hungary (86.3 %) also recorded a particularly high share. The lowest shares, by far, were observed in Estonia (17.6 %) and Malta (15.2 %).

The share of foreign-born persons with hardly any or no skills in their host country’s language was the highest for Malta (48.8 %), Estonia (30.4 %), Cyprus (22.7 %), Latvia and the Netherlands (both 10.2 %). Elsewhere the shares were at most 6.9 %.

Table 2: Distribution of foreign-born persons aged 15–74 years according to their skills in their host country’s language, analysis by sex, 2021
(%)
Source: Eurostat (lfso_21lang02)

Foreign-born females in the EU were more likely than males to have mother tongue or proficient skills in their host country’s language in 2021. This situation was also observed in 11 of the 15 EU Member States for which data are available. The largest gap with a higher share for females (the difference of 7.7 percentage points) was observed in Lithuania.

Equally, foreign-born females in the EU were more likely than males to have no or hardly any skills in their host country’s language in 2021. Among the 15 EU Member States for which data are available, there was no clear pattern: seven had a higher share of no or hardly any skills in their host country’s language for females and seven a higher share for males; in Czechia, the shares were the same. The largest gender gap, by far, was in Estonia, where 38.1 % of foreign-born males had hardly any or no skills in their host country’s language compared with 22.9 % for females.

Figure 6: Distribution of foreign-born persons aged 15–74 years according to their language skills, analysis by citizenship, EU, 2021
(%)
Source: Eurostat (lfso_21lang03)

When analysed by citizenship, a clear distinction of host country language skills can be identified for foreign-born persons in the EU in 2021.

Citizens of the host (reporting) country had the highest share of foreign-born persons whose mother tongue was that of the host country and the lowest shares with moderate, basic, or hardly any or no skills of the host country’s language. The combined share of mother tongue or proficient for citizens of the host country was 79.9 %. By comparison, this combined share was 57.9 % for citizens of other EU Member States (not the host country) and 43.8 % for non-EU citizens.
Comparing citizens of other EU Member States and non-EU citizens, the former had a slightly smaller share of people whose mother tongue was that of the host country, a much larger share who were proficient, and smaller shares for the remaining language skill levels.

Figure 7: Share of foreign-born persons aged 15–74 years with no or hardly any language skills, analysis by citizenship, 2021
(%)
Source: Eurostat (lfso_21lang03)

Figures 7–9 look in turn at each of the three aggregated language skill levels (no or hardly any language skills; basic or moderate language skills; mother tongue or proficient language skills). They each present information for foreign-born citizens (aged 15–74 years), comparing the shares for citizens of other EU Member States and non-EU citizens.

Figure 7 shows the share in 2021 of foreign-born persons with hardly any or no skills in the host country’s language; the reliable data are available for the EU, seven EU Member States, Norway and Switzerland. For citizens of other EU Member States, this share was highest in the Netherlands (19.9 %). For non-EU citizens, the highest shares were in Cyprus (45.9 %), the Netherlands (26.8 %) and Luxembourg (19.3 %). The largest gaps between the two categories of citizenship were observed in Cyprus and Luxembourg.

Figure 8: Share of foreign-born persons aged 15–74 years with basic or moderate language skills, analysis by citizenship, 2021
(%)
Source: Eurostat (lfso_21lang03)

Concerning the share of foreign-born persons with basic or moderate skills in their host country’s language (as shown in Figure 8), the reliable data for 2021 are available for the EU, nine EU Member States, Norway and Switzerland. In the EU and all of these countries, a lower proportion of citizens of other Member States had basic or moderate skills than did non-EU citizens. Among the Member States, the largest gaps based on citizenship were observed in Belgium and Austria, while a larger gap was observed in Switzerland.

Figure 9: Share of foreign-born persons aged 15–74 years with mother tongue or proficient language skills, analysis by citizenship, 2021
(%)
Source: Eurostat (lfso_21lang03)

Unsurprisingly, Figure 9 broadly shows a mirror image of Figure 8: all of the six EU Member States for which 2021 reliable data are available for the share of foreign-born persons with mother tongue or proficient skills in the host country’s language recorded higher shares for other EU citizens than for non-EU citizens. These shares were most balanced in Spain, where there was nevertheless a 6.4 percentage point difference. The largest gap based on citizenship was observed in Luxembourg, where the difference between the two shares – with higher shares for other EU citizens than for non-EU citizens – was 30.3 percentage points.

For citizens of other EU Member States, the shares of foreign-born persons with mother tongue or proficient skills in the host country’s language were highest in 2021 in Spain (72.7 %). The lowest share was in the Netherlands (32.2 %).

For non-EU citizens, the share of foreign-born persons with mother tongue or proficient skills in the host country’s language in 2021 was also highest in Spain (66.3 %). The lowest share was in the Netherlands (16.0 %).

Source data for tables and graphs

Foreign-born people and their descendants – educational attainment level and skills in host country language

Data sources

The data presented in this article are from the labour force survey (LFS), the largest household sample survey in the EU. The survey covers the resident population, defined as all people usually residing in private households. As such, persons living in collective households are excluded from the target population. Usual residence means the place where a person normally spends the daily period of rest, regardless of temporary absences for purposes of recreation, holidays, visits to friends and relatives, business, medical treatment or religious pilgrimage. The data for the EU are aggregated results for the 27 EU Member States. For more information on the data sources used, please consult the online publication EU labour force survey.

Due to the sampling nature of the survey, some data have low reliability or are not published due to very low reliability or confidentiality. Data that are of low reliability are duly marked in the footnotes below the figures and tables.

Main concepts

Educational attainment refers to the highest level of education successfully completed. Educational levels are defined and classified in the international standard classification of education (ISCED). The levels of education used in this article are based on ISCED 2011. A low level of education refers to ISCED levels 0–2 (less than primary, primary and lower secondary education), a medium level refers to ISCED levels 3 and 4 (upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary education) and a high level refers to ISCED levels 5–8 (tertiary education).

For the educational attainment of a person’s parents, the classification is based on the highest level attained by either of the parents.

For skills in the host country’s language, multilingual countries (such as Belgium) interpret the host country language as the official language of the region where the respondent lives. Luxembourg considered each of the three official languages (Luxembourgish, German and French) as „main host country language“ and asked separately for each one of those languages.

For the definition of mother tongue, the aim is to identify the first language learned at home in childhood and still understood by the individual at the time of the survey. In bi- or multi-lingual homes, a person may have more than one mother tongue.
The categories of proficient, moderate and basic correspond to the advances, intermediate and beginner levels of the common European framework of references for languages.
Hardly any or no language skills corresponds to someone who does not speak the language at all or only understands and can use a few words and phrases.

Country notes

Spain and France have assessed the attachment to the job and included in employment those who, in their reference week, had an unknown duration of absence but expected to return to the same job once health measures allow it.

Calculation of shares in totals

Most of the tables and figures in this article present shares of a total. Table 1 shows the distribution of the population by educational attainment while Table 2 shows the distribution of the population by language skill. While most survey respondents provided information on their highest level of education or language skills, a relatively small proportion did not. Those that did not are classified as not stated (non-response) or unknown.

The calculation of shares/distributions is ideally based on a total excluding the number of people classified in the not stated or unknown. This has been done for the shares by education level and by language skill. The distributions for the education levels and language skills therefore each sum to 100.0 %.

Context

The data in this article concerning educational attainment provide information not only on foreign-born persons living in the EU but also about native-born persons with at least one foreign-born parent. The data concerning host country language skills are focused on foreign-born persons.

Successful integration may lead to economic and social benefits for migrants and for the society where they live. More information on the policies and legislation in force in this area can be found in an introductory article on migrant integration statistics.